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- THE GULF WAR, Page 39THE ALLIESGood Riddance To Arms
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- Why two economic superpowers, Germany and Japan, are such
- reluctant warriors
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- By JAMES WALSH -- Reported by Daniel Benjamin/Bonn and Barry
- Hillenbrand/Tokyo, with other bureaus
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- How unlike Teutonic Knights or samurai, mutter their
- critics, are these modern specimens of great powers. When the
- call to battle Saddam Hussein bugled forth, Germany and Japan
- begged off as conscientious objectors. Though they have
- flourished and grown rich behind U.S. defense cordons, both
- countries quailed at the call to arms. War with Iraq? The wolf
- that ate Kuwait was not at their door. Deterring aggression?
- Bonn's attitude amounted to "Let George do it." Standing fast
- by a security partner? Washington found it apt that Tokyo is
- ringing in the Year of the Sheep.
-
- So stand the accused. Overlooked somehow in their summary
- court-martial, however, has been 50 years of history. Five
- decades ago, Germany and Japan were roundly reviled as the
- scourges of civilization, martial societies gone almost
- irredeemably mad. Amid the ashes of 1945, the two Axis allies
- were warned against ever taking a gun beyond their borders
- again. Children were taught that their fathers and grandfathers
- committed the worst crimes known to man. The governments were
- forced to rely on other nations for protection. War was wrong.
- Gradually, as the lessons sank in, both countries were allowed
- to rebuild their armed forces, but under some of the strictest
- self-defense limits in the world.
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- Should the two nations be tempted to lapse, moreover, any
- number of watchdogs stand ready to pounce. Japan's Asian
- neighbors tend to bark at the least whiff of what they suspect
- might be "resurgent militarism." Last March, Major General
- Henry Stackpole, the commander of U.S. Marines based in Japan,
- defended America's troop presence there: "No one wants a
- rearmed, resurgent Japan. So we are a cap in the bottle, so to
- speak."
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- When the two Germanys prepared to unite last year, one
- allied anxiety concerned what kind of extraterritorial
- stormtrooper the reborn Fatherland might prove to be. In July,
- Nicholas Ridley, then Britain's Secretary of State for Trade
- and Industry, publicly stated what many privately thought when
- he said that proposals for a European Community common currency
- were "a German racket designed to take over the whole of
- Europe." World War II, he added, was "useful to remember."
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- Now Germany and Japan are being assailed for their pacifism.
- Americans and Britons complain that Germany and Japan have
- failed to measure up as allies and as responsible members of
- the world community: despite their own vested interests in the
- gulf, they are not doing their fair share.
-
- Stung by the criticism, Bonn and Tokyo in late January
- ponied up sizable additional aid: $5.5 billion and $9 billion,
- respectively. Germany also pledged to send antiaircraft missile
- units to Turkey and defensive military equipment to Israel.
- Japan assigned five military C-130 transport aircraft to
- repatriate Asian workers fleeing the war zone. Yet so powerful
- is their nations' abhorrence of war that Chancellor Helmut Kohl
- and Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu risked political rebellion.
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- Why? The victors of 1945 cultivated pacifism among their
- defeated enemies with a will. Under its U.S.-drafted 1946
- constitution, Japan "forever" forswore recourse to "the threat
- or use of force" internationally. Less sweeping strictures went
- into West Germany's 1949 Basic Law, the covenant serving united
- Germany today. Both nations have fervently embraced pacifism.
- A January opinion poll asked Germans which country ranked as
- their ideal; 40% chose neutral Switzerland.
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- Iraq's invasion of Kuwait last August knocked this
- comfortable quietism sideways. Kohl and Kaifu struggled to live
- up to allied expectations, but each soon found himself in a
- political minefield. Kohl had to back off from a suggestion
- that German soldiers might legally go to the gulf. Kaifu
- proposed to dispatch troops to noncombat support roles well
- behind the lines; Japan erupted like a reactivated Mount Fuji.
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- Kaifu's proposal, the Japanese decided, went beyond all
- bounds of the taboo on military missions abroad, and the
- proposal was stillborn. His new idea, of rescuing refugees with
- C-130s, may also get shot down -- though he insists that he is
- legally free to send them without Diet approval.
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- Yet opinion in both countries is slowly changing. While the
- majority of Germans still strongly oppose participation in the
- war, they are beginning to ponder their country's global role.
- To many Japanese, the crisis is no longer just taigan no taji
- -- a fire on the other side of the river. Support for the U.S.
- has firmed up, reports a leading opposition Diet member. Says
- she: "We take it seriously that America, our longtime ally, is
- in trouble."
-
- Washington has not insisted that German and Japanese
- soldiers help confront Saddam. But when Germans began debating
- just what common-defense obligations they owed Turkey, a senior
- Bush Administration official says, it amounted to "shaving at
- the edges of their NATO commitment." London was also
- disgruntled. Alan Clark, Britain's junior Defense Minister,
- noted that "people plugging the Euro-unity notion" -- he meant
- Germans -- have envisaged a common defense policy. But "at the
- first major test," said Clark, "they ran for the cellars."
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- However understandable the inhibitions of Germany and Japan
- may be, their allies have a point. The time may have arrived
- when these two nations must begin to find a constructive
- international role commensurate with their economic strength.
- Some prominent Japanese agree that the country's pacifism has
- become in practice isolationism. Kohl echoed that view with
- respect to his country last week. Addressing the Bundestag, the
- Chancellor said, "There can be no safe little corner in world
- politics for us Germans. We have to face up to our
- responsibility, whether we like it or not."
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